Abstract Tissue repair after lesion usually leads to scar healing and thus loss of function in adult mammals.In contrast, other adult vertebrates such as amphibians have the ability to regenerate and restore tissue homeostasis after lesion.Understanding the control of the repair outcome is thus a concerning challenge for regenerative medicine.We re

Abstract Background Plasmodium parasites are known to impose fitness costs on their vertebrate hosts.Some of these costs are due to the activation of the immune response, which may divert resources away from self-maintenance.Plasmodium parasites may also immuno-deplete their hosts.Thus, infected individuals may be less able to mount an immune respo

The upper cervical spine not only consists of intricate bony and ligamentous anatomy affording unique flexibility but also has increased susceptibility to injuries.The upper cervical spine trauma can result in a wide spectrum of injuries that can be managed both operatively and nonoperatively.Several existing classification systems have been propos

Ahmed S BaHammam,1,2 Haitham Jahrami3,4 1The University Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Hand Cream Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Psychiatry, Government Hospitals, Manama, Bahrain; 4Department of Psychiatr